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Celebrating the independent kiwi spirit of invention.


Research Topic: Which Battery Will Do?

 
Last updated:  

Overview & Terms
8 March 2012
Single Use
25 August 2011
Rechargeable
29 May 2009
Battery Analyser
13 March 2012

Recommended Batteries
for Particular Uses

21 February 2012

Battery Shopping
5 May 2012

 

Original article by Ian Mander, 22 July 2002

Single Use Test
6 November 2007
Rechargeable Test
13 March 2012
Test Procedure
4 June 2011
When Battery Testing
Goes Bad -
Consumer Magazine

27 November 2011
More Info & Links
29 February 2012
  LSD Shootout
11 March 2012
 

On this page: Battery Testing | Conclusions | AA NiMH Cells | AAA NiMH Cells

Rechargeable (Secondary) Battery Testing

AA and AAA NiMH cells are the most common type of rechargeable battery, so I've started testing some that are available in New Zealand.

This testing raises the question do these NiMH cells break fair trade laws? Many of the used cells do not have the claimed capacity, some falling short by a wide margin. There is also doubt that they last anywhere near as long as the 1,000 cycles often claimed for NiMH cells.

At a later date I may accept NiMH cells for testing, especially if they are a brand or capacity not yet listed, but unless in sealed packaging they will be included in the results as used. However, at present (and while I fine-tune my procedures) I have enough cells yet to test.


Conclusions

Eneloop AA 2000. Testing has shown these to be great cells (at least when new - long term testing will show). Capacity of 71.3% after 8 months on the shelf (since manufacture) is pretty good since Sanyo has said they only charge Eneloop cells to about 75% before they leave the factory.

Eneloop AAA 800. Again, initial testing shows a great cell. Like all new Eneloops, they appear to have had a 3/4 charge at manufacture.


AA NiMH & NiCd Cells

Camelion AlwaysReady 2100. Used. Cell labeling "NH-AA2100RR typ.2100mAh 1.2V AA HR6". Low self discharge NiMH.

DSE 2000mAh. Used. Cell labeling includes "210AAHC".

Eneloop 2000mAh. New. "Typ. 2000mAh (Min. 1900mAh)". Low self discharge/long shelf life NiMH, with a claimed 85% charge after one year - an untested claim. Also untested is the claim of a higher voltage during discharge than other NiMH cells (and therefore greater power).

Eneloop XX 2500mAh. New. 2500mAh, "Min. 2,400mAh". Low self discharge/long shelf life NiMH, with a claimed 75% charge after one year - an untested claim.

GP 1800mAh. Used. Each cell has the claim "min. 1750mAh" printed on it, along with "Standard Charge 16Hrs at 180mA". Also has "180AAHC".

Yuasa 450mAh NiCd. Used. Very used. Don't know if the charger can charge slowly enough - might skip this one. I'm told some still hold volts, though.

Used cells are listed in italics with a grey background.

AA NiMH brand Claimed
capacity (mAh)
Break in average tested capacity;
0.2C discharge rate (mAh)
Tested capacity
@ 500mA (mAh)
Tested capacity
@ 1 amp (mAh)
% of claimed
capacity
Quantity
tested

AlwaysReady AA
(Camelion)

2100 1900 1815 -

Break in: 90.5%
Test 0.5A: 86.4%

2 tested

Eneloop AA
(Sanyo)

2000
(min 1900)

Off shelf (0.25C): 1426
Off shelf (0.2C): 1438
1st break in: 2008
2nd break in: 2008
1 amp: 1997

Revisit break in: 2106

- 1940

Off shelf: 71.3% / 71.8%
Break in: 100.4%
Test 1A: 99.8%

Revisit break in: 105.3%

8 tested

Eneloop XX AA
(Sanyo)

2500
(min 2400)

Off shelf (0.2C): 1260
Break in: 2461
1 amp: 2468

- -

Off shelf: 50.4%
Break in: 98.4%
1 amp: 98.7%

4 tested
GP 1800
(min 1750)
1719 Avg 1695
(1615, 1722, 1747)
  Break in: 95.5%
Test 0.5A: 94.1%

3

GP
"dead" cell
1800
(min 1750)

1048

 

1091   Break in: 58.2%
Test 0.5A: 60.6%
1
GP 1800
(min 1750)
1298
(1175 worst 2)
1282
(1161 worst 2)
  Break in: 72.1%
Break in (worst 2): 65.3%
Test 0.5A: 71.2%

4

Powerhaus 2500 1842
(1993 best 3)
1827   Break in: 73.7%
Break in (3 best): 79.7%
Test 0.5A: 73.1%

4

Yuasa
NiCd
450         5 untested

Click for Notes/Detailed Results

Unless otherwise mentioned, all capacity results are in ascending order, not in slot order. The ranking order between particular tests may vary.

Camelion AlwaysReady 2100 - used. Loaned from a caver to see just how they perform.

Break in (420mA, 0.2C): 1855, 1944 - average 1899.5.
Slow charge (210mA, 0.1C); 2 day rest; 500mA discharge (0.238C): 1771, 1859 - average 1815.

 

Sanyo Eneloop 2000 - bought from Thomas Distributing (8 cells), manufacture date May 2006; bought from Online Shop Singapore (4 cells), manufacture date November 2006. Packaging for Online Shop cells labelled RWPrince,... Singapore, although the cells shipped from Hong Kong. As delivered they were partly charged, with an average cell voltage 1.308V (from TD), while the newer cells (from OSS) were all 1.310V.

Off shelf disch at 500mA (0.25C): 1420, 1420, 1423, 1441 - average 1426.
Off shelf disch at 400mA (0.2C): 1413, 1431, 1452, 1455 - average 1437.75.

1st break in (400mA, 0.2C): 1991, 1996, 1999, 2005, 2010, 2012, 2018, 2036 - average 2008.375.
2nd break in (400mA, 0.2C): 1977, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2017, 2020, 2032 - average 2007.5.
1 amp (0.5C) disch: 1980, 1983, 1987, 1992, 1992, 2000, 2016, 2025 - average 1996.875.

Testing the charger's effectiveness at fast charging these cells, I also ran some other tests on the 8 TD cells.

1 amp (0.5C) disch after 1A (0.5C) fast charge: 1923, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1939, 1962, 1962 - average 1939.875.
1 amp (0.5C) disch after 1A (0.5C) fast charge and leave overnight: 1934, 1937, 1973, 1974 - average 1954.5 (first set of four only).
1 amp (0.5C) disch after 2A (1C) fast charge: 1889, 1910, 1912, 1930 - average 1910.25 (first set of four only).

The first break in capacities seemed pretty good but to see if they would all go over 2000mAh I restarted the break in cycle after the discharge rest, and sure enough, the 1999mAh cell was up to 2005mAh. The second break in with the second set of 4 left just one cell below 2000mAh, at just 1977mAh, but strangely the same cell gave 1987mAh at a 1 amp discharge (both in outside slots on the charger). With the best two cells from the second set, the best cell was always the one positioned in slot 2 or 3, while the other was in slot 1 or 4.

Update 20 June 2007: I've just put one set of Eneloops through another break in and was pleasantly surprised to see the results, both for their high capacity and for their consistency, within 1.1% of each other. In slot order, in mAh: 2092, 2115, 2100, 2116.

Another six Eneloops have been tested.
Off the shelf voltage: 1.320 V average.
Off the shelf capacities: 1341, 1348, 1374, 1396, 1387, 1392 mAh.
Break in: 2061, 2072, 2067, 2059, 2086, 2067 mAh. (Same order.)
1 amp (0.5C) discharge: 2045, 2050, 2069, 2066, 2100, 2078 mAh. (Same order - some have gone up!)

April 2008: Another four Eneloops are being tested, with the datestamp June 2006. These results have not been included in the results shown in the table because they were made using an analyser from a different batch.
Off the shelf voltage: 1.295 V average.
Off the shelf capacities: 1316, 1305, 1338, 1318 mAh (in slot order).
Break in 1: 1946, 1936, 1940, 1930 mAh.
Break in 2: 1943, 1934, 1939, 1929 mAh.
Break in 3: 1944, 1933, 1935, 1928 mAh.
1 amp (0.5C) discharge: 1929, 1928, 1930, 1919 mAh.

 

Eneloop XX 2500 - bought online from Intl Outdoor Shop. The XX was rebranded the Eneloop Pro at the end of 2011. Battery model HR-3UWX. Date code "11-10 HM", October 2011; 5 months old at time of test, March 2012.

Four Eneloop XX cells have been tested.
Off the shelf voltage: 1.3075 V average.
Off the shelf capacities: 1230, 1272, 1254, 1284 mAh (in slot order), average 1260 mAh.
Break in capacities: 2444, 2467, 2435, 2496.
1 amp (0.4C) discharge: 2438, 2477, 2449, 2506.

 

GP 1800 - sold by Dick Smith Electronics as a set of four with a fast charger.

First set of four had one cell that died a few months after purchase, leaving only three in that set. The remaining three have performed quite well, and have been observed to have a low self discharge rate.

Break in (360 mA, 0.2C): 1648, 1745, 1764.

(The GP battery charger rejected the faulty cell as defective so it hadn't been used since, but for reasons best understood by squirrels it was kept. It showed 2.4 ohms and 0 volts before the successful (?) attempt was made to resurrect it. That the 500mA test capacity was larger than the 0.2C rate (360mA) indicates that the cell still needs a bit of cycling.)

Four more cells from an identical batteries/charger set were tested in March 2011. They were given two full break in runs (each with two slow charges) plus a 500 mA discharge between.

1st break in (set to 1800 mAh): 1177, 1190, 1325, 1514, average 1301.5 mAh (average 2 worst cells 1183.5 mAh).
Discharge 500 mA: 1157, 1165, 1295, 1509, average 1281.5 mAh.
2nd break in: 1162, 1171, 1322, 1521, average 1294 mAh (average 2 worst cells 1166.5 mAh).

 

Powerhaus 2500 - high capacity cells that are no longer driving a digital camera, but otherwise still seem to work.

Testing in March 2011 showed the inability to power the digital camera was due to one cell that was dying well before the others, combined with serious voltage sag on all cells. In particular, the voltage sag on the worst cell was so severe that it was dropping straight to 0.9 V, at which point the MH-C9000 terminates its discharge. I put the cell into a single cell LED torch and ran it for a while, then tried another discharge. The cell performed better, and didn't terminate immediately. Instead, its voltage slowly recovered then stayed steady at 0.94 V, even after 75 minutes. Voltage recovery on the other cells was about 0.2 V. A fair bit of cycling of the four cells ensued, followed by two break in runs with a 500 mA discharge in between.

1st break in (set to 2200 mAh): 1485, 1969, 1996, 2033, average 1870.75 mAh (average of 3 best cells 1999.33 mAh).
Discharge 500 mA: 1347, 1954, 1973, 2035, average 1827.25 mAh (average of 3 best cells 1987.33 mAh).
2nd break in: 1294 (heading downhill), 1961, 1991, 2006, average 1813 mAh (average of 3 best cells 1986 mAh).

 

Yuasa 450 - hasn't been sold for years, if not decades. These cells are perhaps 25 years old. They've had a hard life and a long one, and will be shortly retired. (Well, when new NiMH cells are available with six times the capacity... yeah.) Testing them will be difficult since the positive lug/nipple isn't big enough to contact the MH-C9000. (Might need some magnets.)

 


AAA NiMH Cells

Eneloop 800mAh. New. "Model HR-4UTG 1.2V   Typ.800mAh, Min.750mAh".

Energizer 900mAh. New in unopened packet but unknown how long since purchase. "NH12 AAA 1.2V NiMH HR03".

Powertech 800mAh. Used. "Standard Charge: 80mA for 15hrs". This is the Jaycar house brand, and not to be confused with Maha PowerEx.

Used cells are listed in italics.

AAA NiMH Brand Claimed
Capacity (mAh)
Break In Tested
Capacity (mAh)
Tested Capacity
@ 400mA (mAh)
% of Claimed
Capacity
Quantity
Tested
Eneloop AAA
(Sanyo)
800 Off shelf (0.25C): 575
Break in: 849
839 (average from 6 cells) Off shelf: 73.3%
Break in: 105.5%
Test 400mA: 104.9%
12
12
6
Eneloop AAA
(Sanyo)
After 20 months
800 As retrieved (0.25C): 572
Break in: 794
- Off shelf: 71.5%
Break in: 99.3%
3
Energizer 900 Break in: 235 - Break in: 26.1% 2
Powertech 800 632 580 (average from 4 cells) Break in: 79.0%
Test 400mA: 72.5%
6
Powertech
solder tag
900       3 untested

Click for Notes/Detailed Results

Eneloop 800 - premium brand low self discharge AAA made by Sanyo.

First set of 4, manufacture date April 2006, so they're one year old.
Voltage straight off shelf 1.30 V, average shelf capacity 568 mAh.
Average break-in capacity 844 mAh.

8 more, manufacture date October 2006, tested September 2007; about 11 months old.
Straight off the shelf, average voltage 1.301 V.
Capacities straight from packet: 589, 600, 590, 602, 589, 590, 598, 607 mAh, average 596 mAh.
Break in: 836, 835, 844, 856, 842, 849, 839, 849 mAh, average 844 mAh.

8 more, manufacture code 06-07 00 (July 2006), tested January 2008; 18 months old at time of testing.
Straight off the shelf, average voltage 1.294 V - the lowest for Eneloops I've seen yet.
Capacities straight from packet: ?, ?, ?, ?, 555, 564, 570, 570 mAh, average 564.75 mAh.
Break in: 845, 855, 858, 860 (first set), and 853, 860, 839, 857 (second set, slot order) mAh, average 853 mAh.
Capacities @ 0.5C: ?, ?, 841, 853, 831, 850 mAh.

4 more, manufacture code 09-10 S0 (September 2010), tested March 2011; 6 months old at time of testing.
Straight out of the packet: 557, 555, 539, 558 mAh, average 552.25 mAh.
Break in: 796, 794, 775, 792 mAh, average 789.25 mAh.

In April 2011 I managed to retrieve 3 AAA Eneloops that were in a headlamp I'd loaned to someone for a caving trip 20 months earlier. After the caving trip they sat around doing nothing. So I discharged them at 200 mA (0.25C) to see how they fared.
Voltages as retrieved: 1.307, 1.308, 1.309 V.
Capacities @ 0.25C: 560, 567, 588 mAh, average 572 mAh.
While their discharge (under load) voltages seemed a little low, they did very well, especially with being used for about an hour on the caving trip.

 

Energizer 900 - the first result in a Google search for "energizer aaa 900 pathetic" (without quotes) was a page on Energizer's own web site. Pretty much sums it up. (The 6th result was a page on this site, Aqualab.)

Set of two, both stamped "0407" - manufactured in April 2007 perhaps? Tested in March 2011; possibly 4 years after manufacture.
After hearing the initial test results the owner joked he wanted his money back.
Break in: 258, 211 mAh.
Did some cycling to see if I could bring that up. Best result at 500 mA charge, 200 mA discharge was 455, 422 mAh, average 438.5 mAh.

 

Powertech 800 - sold by Jaycar Electronics. Used regularly, seems to have quite a high self discharge. Many also have high impedance - to the point that the MH-C9000 refuses to charge 4 of the 12, and had issues with several more before eventually deciding they were OK. They haven't had several hundred charges, so at this point I cannot recommend these cells.

Break in, 0.2C (160mA) discharge: 603, 615, 616, 619, 651, 687 - average 631.833.
0.5C (400mA) discharge from 16 hour charge: 563, 575, 587, 594 - average 579.75. Also 615, 619 - they've gone up! Time for some cycling perhaps? These will be retested before being include in overall results.

Other testing, to see how well charger works with these cells:

0.5C discharge from 0.5C charge: 512, 518, 528, 544 - average 525.5.
0.5C discharge from 1C charge: 424, 483, 497, 513 - average 479.25.
0.5C discharge from 1C charge, left overnight: 489, 535, 541, 561 - average 531.5.
Same again after a bit of cycling: 515, 581, 608, 613 - average 579.25.

 

Powertech 900 solder tag - sold by Jaycar Electronics. These were installed in the battery of a cellphone in May 2005, and were basically abandoned in February 2007 as being too unreliable to power the phone. They were recharged every 2-3 days on average so probably had only about 250-300 cycles, and probably far fewer than 200 cycles before their capacity noticeably decreased. Not good. The two previous sets of cells each lasted over three years (a respectable 500+ cycles for each set), and while the earlier cells had a lower claimed capacity (eg, 650mAh for the initial set), the life of the phone with the latest set of cells did not seem appropriately longer. So it seems as though the quality of the Powertech cells is decreasing, and once again, I cannot recommend them.

 


A few battery shoot-outs are mentioned on the More Info & Links page, or get information on the charger/analyser I use.

Read on for suitable uses for particular battery types.

 
Last updated:  

Overview & Terms
8 March 2012
Single Use
25 August 2011
Rechargeable
29 May 2009
Battery Analyser
13 March 2012

Recommended Batteries
for Particular Uses

21 February 2012

Battery Shopping
5 May 2012

 

Original article by Ian Mander, 22 July 2002

Single Use Test
6 November 2007
Rechargeable Test
13 March 2012
Test Procedure
4 June 2011
When Battery Testing
Goes Bad -
Consumer Magazine

27 November 2011
More Info & Links
29 February 2012
  LSD Shootout
11 March 2012
 


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